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Biochemistry - previous year questions

Enzymes

Long Answer Questions

  1.  Classify enzymes giving suitable examples for each class. Add a note on enzyme specificity.
  2. Describe the following aspects of enzymes: a) Specificity of enzymes. b) Four factors influencing enzyme activity. c) Competitive enzyme inhibition.
  3. Define enzymes. Explain factors affecting enzyme activity. Give two examples of diagnostic enzymes.

Short Answer Questions

  1.  What are co-enzymes? Illustrate their role in metabolism with an example.
  2.  Define and classify Enzymes with examples.
  3. Write coenzyme form, one function and one deficiency disorder of the following vitamins: (a) Thiamine (b) Niacin (c) Ascorbic acid (d) Folic acid (e) Riboflavin.
  4. Effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction.
  5. Explain the factors which affect enzyme action.
  6. Explain factors influencing enzyme activity.
  7. Explain any three factors affecting enzyme catalyzed reaction.
  8. Allosteric regulation of enzyme activity.
  9. Competitive inhibition with examples. Biochemical functions of Pyridoxine.
  10. Explain competitive inhibition of enzymes with examples.
  11. Diagnostic importance of Enzymes.
  12. Isoenzymes.
  13. Serum enzymes in myocardial infarction.
2M Questions
  1.  Metallo enzymes.
  2. Transaminases and their diagnostic importance.
  3. Diagnostic applications of enzymes.


Carbohydrates

Long Answer Questions

  1. Give an account of Glycolysis, its energetic and significance.
  2. Describe glycolytic pathway and state its energetics under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
  3. Describe the reactions of Kreb's citric acid cycle. Add a note on anaplerotic reactions.
  4. Describe the steps of citric acid cycle with its energetics.
  5. Describe the following aspects of citric acid cycle: a) Reactions b) Energetics c) Regulation d) Functions.
  6. Define and describe gluconeogenesis in detail and state importance.
  7. What is the significance of Glycogen? Discuss in detail Glycogen synthesis.

Short Answer Questions

  1.  Mucopolysaccharides.
  2.  "Glycerol is not a carbohydrate" Justify the statement.
  3. Galactosemia.
  4. Describe the regulation of blood glucose.
  5. Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose.
  6. Substrate level phosphorylation reactions occurring in glycolytic pathway.
  7. Hormonal regulation of blood glucose.
  8. Write the steps of Glycogenesis.
  9. Write the reactions of liver glycogenolysis. What is the significance of this pathway.
  10. Glycogen storage diseases.
2M Questions
  1. Starch.
  2. Reducing sugars.
  3. Define Homopolysaccharide and give examples.
  4. Significance of Hexose Mono Phosphate shunt Van Den Bergh test.
  5. Glycogen.


Lipids

Long Answer Questions

  1.  Write an essay on classification of lipids with suitable examples.
  2. Describe beta oxidation of saturated fatty acids (Palmitic acid). Write a note on energetic of palmitic acid.
  3. Write an essay on Beta - Oxidation of fatty acids. Add a note on its bioenergitics.
  4. Name the Ketone Bodies. Discuss Ketogenesis and Ketolysis. Add a note on Ketosis.
  5. Name the ketone bodies. Mention the basic metabolic defect that leads to ketosis. How ketone bodies are utilized in peripheral tissues?
Short Answer Questions
  1.  Explain digestion and absorption of Lipids.
  2. Enzymes of lipid digestion.
  3. Classify phospholipids with examples. Mention their functions.
  4. Classify lipids giving an example for each class.
  5. Enlist Ketone bodies and write their importance.
  6. Give the steps of Ketogenesis.
  7. Explain ketonemia and ketonuria. Describe the reactions of ketogenesis.
  8. Refsum's disease.
  9. Give normal values, chemistry and functions of Cholesterol.
  10. Biologically important derivatives of cholesterol.
  11. Define polyunsaturated fatty acids with its example and add a note on its functions.
  12. Mention the types and functions of Lipoproteins.
2M Questions
  1. Write functions of phospholipids.
  2. Essential fatty acids.
  3. What is the storage form of Lipid. Where it is stored in the body?
  4. Four functions of cholesterol.
  5. Name the different Lipoproteins.
  6. Biologically important compounds derived from cholesterol.
  7. Enumerate the lipoproteins. Describe HDL metabolism with its importance.
  8. What is Fatty Liver? Write any two causes for Fatty Liver.
  9. Lipoprotic factors.



PROTEINS
Long Answer Questions

  1. Define and write functions of proteins. Explain the process of digestion of proteins in the human body.
Short Answer Questions
  1. Describe primary and secondary protein structure.
  2. Explain the structural organization in proteins.
  3. Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids.
  4. Nutritional classification of amino acids with examples.
  5. Describe digestion and absorption of proteins in GIT.
  6. Describe the process of digestion and absorption of proteins.
2M Questions
  1. Essential amino acids.
  2. Mention four essential amino acids.
  3. Phenyl ketonuria.
  4. Give the definition and examples of Essential Amino acids.
  5. Semi-essential amino acids.
  6. Essential amino Acids.
  7. Define denaturation of proteins and mention its effects.


High energy compounds

Short Answer Questions

  1. Oxidative phosphorylation.
  2. Diagrammatic representation of electron transport chain with site of ATP synthesis and inhibitors.
2M Questions
  1. Write the Inhibitors of Electron transport chain.
  2. Give the definition and examples of uncouplers of Electron transport chain.
  3. Inhibitors of electron transport chain.


Nutrition

Long Answer Questions

  1. Describe the sources, biochemical functions, required daily allowance and deficiency manifestations of Vitamin D.
  2. Describe in detail the sources, absorption, functions and factors regulating blood calcium level. Discuss deficiency manifestation of calcium.
  3. Describe the sources, RDA and biochemical functions of Calcium. Add a note on disorders of Calcium metabolism.

Short Answer Questions

  1. Functions of Vitamin C.
  2. Coenzyme forms and functions of Vitamin B12.
  3. Write co-enzyme form, biochemical functions and deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B12.

2M Questions

  1. Scurvy.
  2. Write dietary sources, daily requirement, active forms, functions, deficiency and hypervitaminosis symptoms of Vitamin-A.
  3. Fluorosis.
  4. Mention four biochemical function of calcium.


Special aspects of metabolism

Long Answer Questions

  1. Write the steps involved in Urea cycle. Add a note on its regulation and disorders.
Short Answer Questions
  1. Urea cycle and uraemia.
2M Questions

  1. Which organ produces Urea and what is the normal Blood urea level.


Biochemical genetics

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain the steps of DNA Replication in Prokaryotes.
Short Answer Questions
  1. Structure and functions of DNA.
  2. Watson & Crick model of DNA structure.
  3. Types of RNA.
  4. Mention types of Ribonucleic acid with its functions.
  5. Glutathione.
2M Questions
  1. Structure of DNA and mention types of DNA.
  2. mRNA.
  3. tRNA.
  4. Write any four differences between Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA). Define (a) Isoelectric pH, (b) Denaturation.
  5. What are Antioxidants and give examples.


Acid-base balance

Long Answer Questions

  1.  Mention the normal pH of blood. Discuss acid-base balance. Add a note on metabolic acidosis.
Short Answer Questions
  1. Renal regulation of acid-base balance.
2M Questions
  1. What is the normal Blood pH and one cause for metabolic alkalosis.
  2. Buffers.
  3. Nitrogen balance.
  4. Define pH. Mention the normal range for Blood pH.
  5. What is ketoacidoisis. Name two conditions leading to it.
  6. Give the range for normal blood pH. List out two conditions leading to respiratory acidosis.
  7. Metabolic acidosis.


Medical biochemistry

Short Answer Questions

  1. Renal function tests.
2M questions
  1. Write four investigations done in Diabetes Mellitus.
  2. Creatinine clearance test.

Detoxification

Short Answer Questions

  1. Define detoxification. Give two examples of detoxification by conjugation.


Miscellaneous

Long Answer Questions

  1. Describe the formation and fate of ammonia.

Short Answer Questions

  1. Functions of calcium.
  2. Write a note on Conjugated proteins.
  3. Biologically important compounds formed from Phenylalanine and tyrosine.
  4. Structure and functions of Immunoglobulins.
  5. Functions of plasma proteins.
  6. Cori's cycle.
  7. Enumerate the general features of genetic code.
  8. Oxidative deamination.
  9. Write a note on nitrogen balance.
  10. Describe primary and secondary gout.
  11. Describe transamination and deamination with suitable examples.
  12. Write a short note on Gout.
2M Questions
  1. Name two Plasma proteins and give their functions.
  2. Biochemical functions of iodine.
  3. Mention the normal serum levels of: a) Phosphorus. b) Alkaline phosphatase.
  4. Specific Dynamic Action.
  5. Conjugated proteins.
  6. Name the enzyme defect in following conditions : a. Phenyl ketonuria (PKU) b. Albinism.
  7. Define Basal Metabolic Rate and write the factors that affect BMR.
  8. Alkaptonuria.
  9. Provitamins.
  10. Lactose intolerance : a) Name a vitamin, which acts as an antioxidant. b) Name a vitamin, which acts as a steroid hormone.
  11. Name two specialized products formed from tyrosine and its function in the body.
  12. Define transamination. Give an example.
  13. Give the range for normal blood pH. List out two conditions leading to respiratory acidosis.
  14. Specific dynamic action of foods.
  15. Enzyme defect in (a) Von Gierke's disease. (b) Phenylketonuria.
  16. Write the clinical significance of Alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase level in blood.
  17. Vandenbergh test.
  18. Calorific value of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.
  19. Functions of calcium and phosphorus.

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